Git Common Commands Quick Reference: A Collection for Beginners
This quick reference is a beginner's guide to Git, covering the following core content: basic configuration (`git config --global user.name/email` to set identity, `git init` to initialize a repository); workspace and staging area operations (`git status` to check status, `git add [file/.]` to stage changes, `git commit -m "description"` to commit); branch operations (`git branch` to create, `git checkout -b` to create and switch, `git merge` to merge, `git branch` to list branches); remote repository (`git remote add origin [URL]` to associate, `git pull` to fetch and merge, `git push -u origin [branch]` to push); undo and recovery (`git reset HEAD` to unstage, `reset --soft/hard` to roll back, `checkout -- [file]` to discard modifications, `git stash` to save changes); viewing history (`git log --oneline` for simplified output); and common issues (manual resolution of conflicts by editing files followed by `add+commit`, and `stash` for incomplete work). The core is the basic workflow of `add→commit`, while branch and remote operations are key for collaboration, requiring practice to master.
Read MoreGit Version Control Basics: Core Differences Between Distributed and Centralized Systems
Version control is a core tool for managing code changes in software development, addressing issues such as multi-person collaboration and version rollback. This article compares centralized and distributed version control: Centralized version control systems (e.g., SVN) rely on a central repository, where all code must be uploaded and downloaded through a central server. They depend on network connectivity, have weak offline capabilities, and often lead to file conflicts when multiple users modify the same file simultaneously, which require manual resolution. In distributed version control systems (e.g., Git), each developer maintains a complete local repository, while the central server merely acts as a data synchronization hub. Git supports robust offline operations, enabling local commits and branching. It facilitates flexible collaboration, with conflicts marked by the system for autonomous merging, and ensures high data security due to multiple local backups. Key differences: Centralized systems depend on a central repository, whereas distributed systems feature local independence; centralized systems are constrained by network connectivity, while distributed systems allow seamless offline work; centralized collaboration requires central coordination, whereas distributed systems offer greater flexibility. As a mainstream distributed tool, Git excels with its local repository, offline functionality, and flexible collaboration, making it a standard in development. Beginners should master its basic operations.
Read MoreGit Submodules: The Proper Way to Incorporate Third-Party Code into Your Project
Git submodules are used to address issues such as version control loss, collaborative chaos, and code redundancy when a parent project reuses third-party code. The core idea is to embed an independent sub-repository within the parent project, which only records the location and version information of the submodule, facilitating independent tracking of updates. Basic usage: After initializing the parent project, use `git submodule add` to add a third-party repository as a submodule (generating the `.gitmodules` file to record configurations). When cloning a parent project containing submodules, use `--recursive` or manually execute `git submodule update` to pull the submodule code. Submodules can be modified and updated independently, while the parent project needs to commit new references to the submodule to synchronize versions. Note: Submodules do not update automatically; you need to manually enter the submodule directory, execute `git pull`, and then commit the parent project. For multi-person collaboration, `.gitmodules` and submodule versions must be shared to ensure consistent paths and versions. Submodules differ from subtree merging, where the former is maintained independently, while the latter merges code into the parent project.
Read MoreGit stash: Scenarios and Operations for Temporarily Saving Uncommitted Code
Git stash is used to temporarily save uncommitted work progress, solving code management issues when switching branches or handling other tasks. Common scenarios include when an urgent repair for an online bug is needed during development, or when temporarily dealing with a simple task, allowing the current modifications to be safely saved. Core operations: Use `git stash save "message"` to save uncommitted changes; use `git stash list` to view the list of saved stashes; use `git stash pop` (restore and delete) or `git stash apply` (restore and keep) to restore the most recent stash; use `git stash drop` to delete a specific stash, and `git stash clear` to delete all stashes. The `-u` parameter can save untracked files. Note: Stash does not save untracked files; for long-term work progress, it is recommended to use `git commit` to avoid relying on stash. Mastering these operations allows flexible management of the development process and ensures code safety.
Read MoreGit Quick Start: Master Basic Operations in 30 Minutes
Git is a distributed version control system (VCS) used to record file modification history, enabling team collaboration and personal history回溯 (retrospection). Its core advantages include version rollback (to prevent accidental modifications), multi - person collaboration (code merging), and local security management (operations first local, then cloud - based). Basic concepts are metaphorized by "areas": Working Directory (drafts), Staging Area (items to be committed), Local Repository (file cabinet), and Remote Repository (cloud - based shared library). Basic operations are divided into five steps: 1. Initialize the repository (`git init`); 2. Configure user information (`config`); 3. Track and commit changes (`status` to check status, `add` to stage, `commit` to save); 4. Version management (`log` to view history, `reset` to roll back); 5. Branch operations (`checkout - b` to create a branch, `merge` to combine branches); 6. Remote repository operations (`clone`, `push`, `pull`). The core principles are "timely commits, branch management, and version rollback", with a key command chain: `init→add→commit→log/reset→branch→push/pull`. Basic operations can be mastered in 30 minutes. For common issues like modifying commit messages, use `--amend`.
Read MoreA Guide to Git Submodules: Managing Dependent Code in Projects
Git submodules are tools for reusing independent code (such as common libraries) in large projects, solving problems like duplicate copying and version synchronization. Core advantages include: space savings through code reuse, independent maintenance for easy modification and submission, and version specification by the main project to ensure consistency. Essentially, submodules are independent Git repositories, with the main project recording configurations and version references via .gitmodules and .git/config. Core usage steps: Add submodules to the main project using `git submodule add`; clone projects with submodules using `--recursive`, otherwise use `init+update`; commit main project references after modifying submodules; update with `git submodule update`; clean configurations when deleting submodules. Common issues: Empty repositories after cloning (supplement with `--recursive` or `update`), unupdated main project after submodule modifications (supplement with commits), version conflicts (agree on branches). Summary: Suitable for independently reusable dependencies, following the process: add → clone/update → modify and commit → update main project references, improving maintenance efficiency.
Read MoreGit and CI/CD: Implementing Automated Deployment and Testing with Git
This article introduces the core concepts of Git and CI/CD and their combined application. Git is a version control tool, like a "code diary," which records modifications, manages collaboration, and avoids conflicts and version chaos. CI/CD (Continuous Integration/Continuous Delivery/Deployment) replaces manual processes with automation, enabling automatic testing and deployment after code submission to improve efficiency. The combination of the two is a "golden partnership": developers commit code to a Git repository, and CI/CD tools automatically trigger processes such as testing, building, and deployment (e.g., deploying a frontend project to Netlify using GitHub Actions). The combined advantages are significant: reducing errors (through automated testing), accelerating iteration (completing the entire process in minutes), lowering costs (reducing manual labor), and facilitating traceability (enabling checks on deployment sources). Git lays the foundation for version management, while CI/CD enables process automation. Their combination transforms development from manual to smooth, making it an essential skill in modern development.
Read MoreGit Commit Message Specification: 3 Benefits of Standardizing Commit Messages
This article introduces the importance of standardizing commit messages, which has three benefits: first, it ensures clear version history; standardized descriptions (e.g., "fix: resolve login password prompt issue") enable quick location of changes and avoid inefficient debugging caused by ambiguous wording. Second, it facilitates smooth team collaboration; a unified format (e.g., "feat: add registration form validation") clarifies the purpose of each commit and reduces communication costs. Third, it simplifies the automatic generation of change logs; tools can categorize and count commits based on standardized information (e.g., "feat" and "fix") to produce clear version update records (e.g., generating CHANGELOG with standard-version), thereby improving release efficiency. Although standardizing commit messages requires developing a habit, it leads to more efficient version management, collaboration, and release in the long run.
Read MoreGit Newbies' Pitfall Guide: These Basic Operation Mistakes You Must Know
This article summarizes common basic mistakes made by Git beginners and their solutions to help them avoid pitfalls quickly. Common mistakes in repository operations include: repeatedly executing `git init` (which overwrites configurations and causes confusion; only execute it once), and entering the wrong clone address (copy the platform address to avoid manual input). For file staging and committing: omitting or adding extra files with `git add` (specify filenames or use `git status` to confirm), not checking the status before committing (always run `git status` first), and providing vague commit messages (e.g., empty messages or "changed something"; use clear descriptions like "fixed button misalignment"). In branch operations: failing to stash changes before switching branches (use `git stash` or `commit`), merging the wrong branch (confirm the current branch), and deleting the current branch (switch branches first). Regarding pull and push: confusing `pull` and `fetch` (fetch first, then merge), not pulling before pushing (pull first to avoid overwrites), and insufficient permissions (check the address and SSH keys). For version rollbacks: mistakenly using `--hard` without stashing (stash first and use `reflog` to restore), and recovering after rollback (check `reflog` for version numbers). In conflict resolution: failing to remove conflict markers or deleting content randomly (retain content and remove only markers).
Read MoreBest Practices for Git Branch Merging: 5 Practical Tips to Reduce Conflicts
This article shares 5 tips to reduce Git branch merge conflicts: 1. **Clear branch responsibilities**: Assign specific roles to branches, e.g., `main` for stable code, `feature/*` for new features, `bugfix/*` for production issues, etc., to avoid overlapping merge scopes. 2. **Small, incremental commits**: Split tasks into minimal changes. Each commit should modify only a small amount of code, reducing merge differences and making auto-resolution of conflicts easier. 3. **Frequent main branch synchronization**: Pull the latest code from the main branch daily (`git merge` or `rebase`) to keep feature branches aligned with `main` and prevent divergence. 4. **Use `rebase` to organize commits**: "Replay" local commits onto the latest main branch code to maintain a linear commit history and minimize divergent conflicts (only applicable to branches not yet pushed to remote). 5. **Resolve conflicts correctly**: Understand the `<<<<<<<`, `=======`, and `>>>>>>>` markers. Modify code and remove markers; consult colleagues if unsure. **Core principles**: Clear responsibilities, small commits, frequent synchronization, clean history, and proper conflict resolution can significantly reduce merge conflicts.
Read MoreGit Collaboration Standards: Unified Criteria from Branch Naming to Commit Messages
Git specifications can address team collaboration chaos and enhance efficiency. Branch naming is categorized: main/development branches are fixed; feature branches follow the format `feature/[ID]-[Feature]` (e.g., `feature/123-login-form`), bugfix branches use `bugfix/[ID]-[Issue]` (e.g., `bugfix/456-login-crash`), and hotfix branches use `hotfix/[ID]-[Issue]`. Commit messages follow the "Type: Subject" format, with types including feat (new feature), fix (bug fix), etc. For example, "fix: resolve login issue". Implementation involves using `git` commands to create, commit, and merge branches, while handling conflicts. Teams can enforce these rules through code reviews, pre-commit hooks, and PR templates. The core goal is to ensure traceability of branches and commits, facilitating issue localization.
Read MoreA Guide to Git Submodules: Managing Dependent Code in Projects
Git submodules are used to manage independent code repositories within the main project, avoiding the hassle of manual copying and updates. They are independent sub-repositories within the main project, where the main project only records the location and version of the submodules, while the submodules are maintained independently. Its core advantages include: independent development and testing, precise version control, and shared reuse across multiple projects. The usage steps are as follows: adding a submodule (`git submodule add`, which generates .gitmodules and configures and commits in the main project); cloning the main project requires `--recursive`, otherwise manually run `git submodule update`; updating submodules (`cd into the subdirectory and git pull` or `git submodule update` in the main project); deletion requires removing the directory and cleaning up configurations and caches. Note: After updating, the main project needs to commit version changes to avoid the "detached HEAD" state of submodules. Collaboration should follow the update-commit-merge process. Mastering these operations enables efficient management of project dependencies, reducing repetitive work and version confusion.
Read MoreGit stash Stashing Function: Temporarily Save Uncommitted Code
Git stash is used to temporarily stash uncommitted changes in the working directory and staging area, avoiding conflicts when switching branches or pulling code. It saves the modifications and restores the working directory to the state of the most recent commit, without retaining branch information. Core commands: `git stash` to stash changes, `git stash apply` to restore the most recent stash (without deletion), `git stash pop` to restore and delete (recommended), and `git stash list` to view stashes. A practical scenario is urgent bug fixing: stash changes → switch branches to fix → restore stash. Note: Stash is temporary, and conflicts may occur during restoration. The difference between `pop` and `apply` is whether the stash record is deleted. Stash is not a branch. Master the core commands, clean up stashes after use, and keep the working directory tidy.
Read MoreGit Branching Strategy: A Detailed Explanation and Application Scenarios of the Git Flow Workflow
Git Flow is a branching strategy designed to address code management issues in collaborative environments, ensuring conflict avoidance and stable online versions by clarifying branch responsibilities. Core branches include: master (stable online code), develop (daily development integration), feature/* (new feature development), release/* (version release preparation), and hotfix/* (urgent online fixes). The workflow consists of three main types: 1. **Daily Development**: Feature branches are created from develop, merged back into develop upon completion. 2. **Version Release**: Release branches are created from develop, with bug fixes merged into both master and develop after stabilization. 3. **Emergency Fixes**: Hotfix branches are created from master, with fixes merged into both master and develop. Advantages include clear structure and version control, making it suitable for medium to large projects. Disadvantages involve a slightly complex process, which can be simplified for small projects. The core principle is "isolate changes, merge in order," and beginners are advised to start with a simplified version.
Read MoreGit and GitHub: How to Create a Repository on GitHub and Associate a Local Project
Git is a version control system that records file modifications and supports multi-person collaboration. GitHub is a web-based repository platform built on Git, used for code storage and collaboration. **Preparation**: Install Git (download from the official Windows website, use Homebrew or the official website for Mac, verify with `git --version`); register a GitHub account. **Create a Repository**: Log in to GitHub, click "+" → "New repository", fill in the name and description, select Public, check "Add README", and after creation, copy the repository URL (e.g., `https://github.com/username/project.git`). **Local Association**: Navigate to the local project folder, execute `git init` to initialize the repository; `git remote add origin [repository URL]` to associate with the remote. If there is a README, first `git pull origin main` to pull (to avoid conflicts); `git add .` to stage, `git commit -m "notes"` to commit, and `git push origin main` to push to the remote. **Core Commands**: `git init` (initialize), `git add .` (stage), `git commit -m "..."` (commit), `git push origin main` (push). **Common Issues**: Conflicts can be resolved by pulling; if the remote association is incorrect, first use
Read MoreGit Repository Initialization and Basic Configuration: How to Take the First Step as a Beginner?
This article introduces Git repository initialization and basic configuration. A Git repository is a special folder that records code changes. Initialization installs the Git monitoring system for it using `git init`, generating a hidden `.git` folder. The initialization steps are: open the terminal/command line, navigate to the project folder, and execute `git init`. For basic configuration, set the user identity (global effect): `git config --global user.name "Your Name"` and `git config --global user.email "your@email.com"`. An optional default editor can be configured (e.g., `notepad` for Windows). View configurations with `git config --list`. After initialization, files can be staged with `git add` and committed with `git commit -m "Commit message"`. Notes include: protecting the `.git` folder, distinguishing between global (`--global`) and local (`--local`) configurations, and using `git clone` (not `init`) to clone others' repositories. Following the above steps completes Git repository initialization and basic operations.
Read MoreDistributed Version Control: Differences between Git and SVN and Git's Advantages
Version control is a core tool for team collaboration, with Git and SVN being the mainstream choices, yet they differ significantly in architecture. SVN is centralized, where only the central server holds the repository, relying on networked commits and updates. It lacks a complete local history, has cumbersome branches, and makes conflict resolution complex. In contrast, Git is distributed, with each individual having a full local repository, enabling offline work. Git features lightweight branches (e.g., created with just a few commands), high efficiency in parallel development, and allows local resolution of merge conflicts. It also ensures data security (via a complete local repository) and boasts a well-established community ecosystem. Git excels in distributed flexibility (supporting offline operations), powerful branch management (facilitating parallel development), data security, and efficient merging. SVN is suitable for simple collaboration, while Git is better suited for complex collaboration scenarios in medium to large teams. Beginners are advised to first master Git's core concepts for higher long-term collaboration efficiency.
Read MoreGitignore File Configuration Guide: Keep Only What You Need in Your Repository
.gitignore is a core configuration file for Git repositories, used to specify files/folders that are not tracked, preventing repository bloat and sensitive information leaks. It is a text file in the root directory with one rule per line, and can be quickly generated using templates like gitignore.io. Core syntax includes: ignoring specific files/folders (e.g., temp.txt, logs/); using wildcards for batch ignoring (*.log, *.tmp); recursively ignoring subdirectories (**/temp.txt); negative rules (!debug.log); and comments (#). Common scenarios include ignoring node_modules/.env/dist/ in frontend projects, __pycache__/venv/ in Python projects, and system files like .DS_Store/Thumbs.db. If a file has already been tracked, it needs to be removed with `git rm --cached` before committing the .gitignore. Ensure accurate paths, distinguish between directories and files, rules take effect recursively, and avoid excluding the .gitignore file itself. Mastering .gitignore helps maintain a clean and efficient repository, enhancing collaboration experience.
Read More详解Git暂存区：为何需先执行add再进行commit？
This article introduces Git's staging area and core operation logic. Git consists of three areas: the working directory (where files are manipulated), the staging area (a transfer station), and the local repository (historical versions). The staging area is a critical filter before commits. The core logic is "add first, then commit": the staging area allows step-by-step commits (e.g., dividing a novel into chapters), preventing accidental commits of incomplete work. `git add` adds modifications from the working directory to the staging area, while `git commit` submits the staged content to the local repository to form a version. Key points: Committing directly without adding will prompt "nothing to commit". `git reset HEAD <filename>` can undo changes in the staging area. The staging area enables flexible commits, ensures version clarity, and acts as the "final checkpoint" before Git commits. In summary, the staging area, through filtering and transfer, enables staged commits, modification checks, and flexible adjustments, being a core design to avoid accidental commits and maintain historical clarity.
Read MoreGetting Started with Git from Scratch: From Cloning a Repository to Committing Code
This article introduces the core knowledge of Git, a distributed version control system. Git is used to manage code changes, supporting multi - person collaboration and version rollback. To install Git, download the corresponding system version (Windows/macOS/Linux) from the official website and verify it using the command `git --version`. Configure the identity by using `git config --global` to set the name and email. Before cloning a remote repository, copy its URL and execute `git clone` to get it on the local machine. A Git repository is divided into the working area (for editing), the staging area (for pending commits), and the local repository (for versions). The workflow is: make modifications → `git add` to stage → `git commit` to commit → `git push` to push. Common commands include `status` to check the status, `log` to view the history, and `pull` to fetch. The core process is: clone → modify → stage → commit → push. With more practice, you can master it.
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