What is a Git Repository and Initialization¶

Before starting with Git, let’s briefly understand two core concepts: Repository and Initialization.

• Repository: Think of it as a “special folder” that secretly stores Git’s “change logs.” Git records every modification you make to your code, who made it, and when.
• Initialization: This is like installing Git’s “monitoring system” on that “special folder” to start tracking subsequent code changes.

Initializing a Local Repository (Most Common)¶

To create a new project on your computer and manage it with Git, follow these steps:

1. Open the terminal/command line (Windows: Command Prompt or PowerShell; Mac/Linux: Terminal).
2. Navigate to your project folder (create one if it doesn’t exist, e.g., my-first-project):

   cd /path/to/your/project/folder  # Replace with your folder path, e.g., cd ~/Documents/my-first-project

3. Run the initialization command:

   git init

If successful, you’ll see a message like:

Initialized empty Git repository in /path/to/your/project/folder/.git/

This means Git has created a hidden .git folder in your directory, which stores all of Git’s “secret logs.” Note: Do not manually modify the contents of the .git folder, as this may corrupt the repository!

Basic Configuration: Tell Git “Who You Are”¶

Git needs to know who is modifying the code, so you must configure your identity (name and email). These two steps are essential for beginners:

1. Configure User Identity (Global)¶

Open the terminal and run these commands (replace with your name and email):

git config --global user.name "Your Name"  # e.g., git config --global user.name "Xiaoming"
git config --global user.email "your@email.com"  # e.g., git config --global user.email "xiaoming@example.com"

• --global applies to all Git repositories on your computer. To configure only the current repository, omit --global and use --local (global is simpler for beginners).

2. (Optional) Configure Default Editor¶

When committing code, Git opens an editor for your commit message (e.g., “Fixed a bug”). To set a custom editor (e.g., Notepad for Windows, vim for Mac/Linux):

git config --global core.editor "notepad"  # Windows default (Notepad)
# For Mac/Linux: git config --global core.editor "nano" or "vim"

If not configured, Git uses the system default editor (which works for beginners).

View Configuration (Check Setup)¶

Run this command to see all configured settings:

git config --list

You’ll see output like:

user.name=Xiaoming
user.email=xiaoming@example.com
core.editor=notepad
...

If your identity isn’t listed, recheck the configuration commands.

What to Do After Initialization? (Example)¶

After initializing the repository, start creating/modifying files. Here’s a simple workflow:

1. Create a file: In your project folder, create README.txt with content like “My first Git project!”
2. Check status: Run git status—the file will show as “untracked” (Git hasn’t started monitoring it yet).
3. Stage the file:

   git add README.txt  # Adds the file to the "staging area" (temporary holding)

Re-run git status to confirm the file is “staged.”
4. Commit to the repository:

   git commit -m "First commit"  # -m adds a commit message

Git will record the file’s state:

   [main (root-commit) a1b2c3d] First commit
    1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
    create mode 100644 README.txt

Your project is now fully tracked by Git!

Key Tips for Beginners¶

• .git Folder: Appears only after initialization. It’s Git’s “heart”—never delete or modify its contents!
• Global vs. Local Config: --global applies to all repos; --local is for the current repo (e.g., separate work/personal emails).
• Clone vs. Initialize: To copy an existing repo (e.g., from GitHub), use git clone <repo-url> instead of git init.

With these steps, you’ve completed Git repository initialization and basic setup—your first step into Git! Now you can manage code and track every change.