Git Ignore Files: Beyond .gitignore, What Other Methods Are There to Exclude Unwanted Files?
In addition to .gitignore, Git provides four flexible methods to control file ignoring: 1. **Local Exclusive Ignoring**: `.git/info/exclude` applies rules only to the current repository and is not committed. It is suitable for personal temporary ignores (e.g., IDE caches, test data). 2. **Global General Ignoring**: `core.excludesfile` creates a global rule file (e.g., ~/.gitignore_global) and configures Git to read it. All repositories automatically apply these rules, ideal for uniformly ignoring editor/system files (e.g., .idea, .DS_Store). 3. **Force Adding Ignored Files**: `git add -f filename` skips .gitignore rules and temporarily stages ignored files (e.g., for local sensitive configuration changes). 4. **Debugging Ignore Rules**: `git check-ignore filename` checks if a file is ignored, assisting in troubleshooting rule issues. Choose based on scenarios: use exclude for local temporary ignores, core.excludesfile for global uniformity, -f for temporary additions, and check-ignore for debugging.
Read MoreGit Version Control Basics: What is a Commit Hash? Why is It Important?
In Git, each commit generates a unique 40-character hexadecimal string called the commit hash, which serves as the "ID number" for the commit. It is generated by hashing the commit content (files, messages, timestamps, etc.) using a hash algorithm, and remains unchanged if the content remains identical. The significance of commit hash lies in four aspects: First, it uniquely identifies versions, facilitating the location of historical commits via `git log`. Second, it is the core for version rollbacks (`git checkout`/`revert`) and branch management, enabling the recognition of commit order. Third, it distinguishes modifications from different developers during collaboration to avoid confusion. Fourth, it is tamper-proof, acting as an "anchor" for historical records. For practical use, it is sufficient to remember the first 7 characters daily. These can be viewed through `git log` and used to operate commands like `git checkout`, `revert`, and `branch`. As a cornerstone of Git version control, commit hash ensures clearer historical tracking, rollbacks, and collaboration. **Core**: A unique 40-character hexadecimal string generated from commit content, critical for version management, collaboration, and rollbacks.
Read MoreGit Collaboration Standards: Unified Criteria from Branch Naming to Commit Messages
Git specifications can address team collaboration chaos and enhance efficiency. Branch naming is categorized: main/development branches are fixed; feature branches follow the format `feature/[ID]-[Feature]` (e.g., `feature/123-login-form`), bugfix branches use `bugfix/[ID]-[Issue]` (e.g., `bugfix/456-login-crash`), and hotfix branches use `hotfix/[ID]-[Issue]`. Commit messages follow the "Type: Subject" format, with types including feat (new feature), fix (bug fix), etc. For example, "fix: resolve login issue". Implementation involves using `git` commands to create, commit, and merge branches, while handling conflicts. Teams can enforce these rules through code reviews, pre-commit hooks, and PR templates. The core goal is to ensure traceability of branches and commits, facilitating issue localization.
Read MoreGit Commit History Viewing: Master the log Command to Trace Project Changes
Git log is a core tool for viewing commit history, enabling tracking of code changes, issue location, or version rollbacks. The basic command `git log` by default displays full commit records, including hash values, authors, dates, and commit messages. Common parameters enhance efficiency: `--oneline` concisely shows key information in one line; `--graph` visualizes branch merge relationships; `-p` displays code differences (diff); `--since/--before` filters by time (e.g., `--since="3 days ago"`); `--author` filters commits by a specific author; `--stat` counts modified lines. Combining parameters is more practical, such as `git log --graph --oneline --all` to view merge relationships across all branches, `-n 5` to limit to the last 5 entries, and `--grep="login"` to filter commits containing the keyword. Mastering these techniques allows efficient project change management and clear understanding of code evolution.
Read MoreA Guide to Git Submodules: Managing Dependent Code in Projects
Git submodules are used to manage independent code repositories within the main project, avoiding the hassle of manual copying and updates. They are independent sub-repositories within the main project, where the main project only records the location and version of the submodules, while the submodules are maintained independently. Its core advantages include: independent development and testing, precise version control, and shared reuse across multiple projects. The usage steps are as follows: adding a submodule (`git submodule add`, which generates .gitmodules and configures and commits in the main project); cloning the main project requires `--recursive`, otherwise manually run `git submodule update`; updating submodules (`cd into the subdirectory and git pull` or `git submodule update` in the main project); deletion requires removing the directory and cleaning up configurations and caches. Note: After updating, the main project needs to commit version changes to avoid the "detached HEAD" state of submodules. Collaboration should follow the update-commit-merge process. Mastering these operations enables efficient management of project dependencies, reducing repetitive work and version confusion.
Read MoreGit Branch Renaming: How to Safely Modify Local and Remote Branch Names
This article introduces methods for renaming Git branches, with the core being handling local branches first and then safely updating remote branches. Renaming a local branch is straightforward: first switch to another branch (e.g., `main`), execute `git branch -m oldbranch newbranch`, and verify. For remote branches, proceed with caution using the following steps: 1. Pull the latest code of the old branch (`git checkout oldbranch && git pull`); 2. Create and push a new branch (`git checkout -b newbranch && git push origin newbranch`); 3. Delete the remote old branch (`git push origin --delete oldbranch`); 4. Clean up the local old branch (`git branch -d oldbranch`) and tracking branches (`git fetch --prune`), then switch to the new branch. Verification can be done using `git branch` and `git branch -r`. Precautions include: notifying the team before renaming, ensuring uncommitted changes are addressed, having permissions to delete remote branches, and updating CI/CD pipelines for protected branches. The core principle is to first copy remote branches to new ones before deleting old ones to avoid collaboration conflicts.
Read MoreDetailed Explanation of the Relationships Between Git Working Directory, Staging Area, and Local Repository
The three core areas of Git (working directory, staging area, and local repository) have clear divisions of labor and work together to complete version control. **Working Directory** is the directory you directly operate on (e.g., a project folder), where you can freely modify files (add, delete, edit). It is the "operation site" visible to the user. **Staging Area** is a hidden temporary area (`.git/index`). You use `git add` to stage changes for commit, and you can preview or undo them (e.g., `git reset HEAD <file>`). It acts like a "transfer station/fridge". **Local Repository** is the `.git` directory, which stores project version history, branches, etc. Changes from the staging area are committed into version history via `git commit`, making it a "permanent storage room". The core workflow among the three is: **Modify → Stage → Commit**: Modify files in the working directory, stage them with `git add`, and commit to the local repository with `git commit`. Understanding this workflow allows you to manage code versions clearly and avoid operational chaos.
Read MoreGit Reset vs. Revert: Differences and Use Cases
In Git, "Reset" and "Undo" have different principles and impacts: Reset directly rewrites history, suitable for local, unpushed "draft" scenarios; Undo preserves history through new commits or recovery operations, suitable for error correction requiring trace retention (e.g., remote branches). Reset has three modes: `--soft` only moves HEAD without changing the staging area/workspace, ideal for amending commit messages; `--mixed` moves HEAD and resets the staging area, suitable for undoing mistakenly `add`ed files; `--hard` completely resets the workspace, ideal for discarding local incorrect modifications. Undo core principles focus on not rewriting history: `git revert` creates reverse commits to preserve remote history; `git checkout` restores files or branches; `git commit --amend` modifies the most recent commit; `git stash` stashes uncommitted changes. Key differences: Reset modifies history (local unpushed), Undo retains traces (remote or historical requirements). Pitfalls: Use Revert for remote errors, Reset for local unpushed, and cautiously use `--force`.
Read MoreGit Version Comparison: How to View Code Differences Between Different Versions
Git version comparison is a fundamental and commonly used operation, tracking code changes through diff tools to facilitate collaboration and management. Scenarios requiring version comparison include: locating development errors, checking the staging area before commits, understanding differences before merging branches, and confirming content before rolling back. Common commands and scenarios: 1. Differences between the working directory and the staging area: `git diff`; 2. Differences between the staging area and the most recent commit: `git diff --staged`; 3. Differences between two historical commits: `git diff <commit1> <commit2>` (supports relative commit names like `HEAD~n`); 4. Differences between two branches: `git diff branch1 branch2`; 5. Viewing the content of a single commit: `git show <commit-id>`. Graphical tools (such as VS Code, GitKraken) are suitable for beginners. Mastering commands for different scenarios enables efficient code version management.
Read MoreGit Remote Repository Configuration: Adding, Modifying, and Deleting Remote Repository URLs
This article introduces methods for managing Git remote repository addresses, suitable for beginners. A remote repository is a cloud-hosted Git repository (e.g., GitHub), where the local repository is associated with the remote via an address, supporting operations like push (pushing local code to the remote) and pull (pulling remote code to the local). ### Core Operation Steps: 1. **Check Association**: Execute `git remote -v`. If there is no output, no association exists. 2. **Add Address**: Use `git remote add [alias] [address]`. The default alias is `origin`, and the address can be copied from the remote platform (supports HTTPS or SSH formats). 3. **Modify Address**: When the address changes, run `git remote set-url [alias] [new address]`. 4. **Delete Address**: Use `git remote remove [alias]` or `rm`. After deletion, the association must be re-established by re-adding the address. ### Notes: - The address format must be correct (HTTPS includes `https://`, SSH starts with `git@`); - Aliases must be unique to avoid duplicates; - After modifying an HTTPS address, re-authentication of account credentials may be required; - After deletion, the association must be re-added to restore the connection. (Note: The original text ends abruptly with "Through `git remote -", so the translation includes the visible content only.)
Read MoreGit Pull Request (PR): Complete Process for Initiating a PR on GitHub
GitHub PR is a method for developers to submit code changes to the main branch, facilitating code review, historical record, and standardized collaboration. Before initiating a PR, local preparation is required: commit modifications (`git add . && git commit`), synchronize with the main branch (merge main branch code to avoid conflicts), and confirm the commit status. When creating a PR on GitHub, select the target branch (Base) and the modification branch (Compare), fill in the title and description, and link the PR to an Issue. The PR must undergo review and feedback for revisions, and after approval, it is recommended to use "Squash and merge" to keep the history concise. After merging, delete the source branch and synchronize locally. Pay attention to branch naming conventions, small and focused PRs, clear commit messages, and conflict handling. PR is a crucial part of team collaboration and code quality assurance.
Read MoreGit Branch Merging: Differences Between Fast-forward and Regular Merge, and Operation Methods
### Overview of Git Branch Merging Merging branches is a critical operation for integrating code in team collaboration, used to consolidate development results (e.g., functional modules) from different branches into the main project (typically the `master` branch). Git provides two merging methods: **Fast-forward Merge**: When the main branch (e.g., `master`) has no new commits, the history of the merged branch extends linearly with the main branch. Git directly advances the main branch pointer without creating a new commit. This method is simple, conflict-free, and suitable for merging after independent development. **Regular Merge**: If both the main branch and the feature branch have new commits (i.e., a diverged history), Git creates a new merge commit during merging to integrate modifications from both branches. Manual resolution is required if there are conflicts in the same file. This method is suitable for merging after parallel development and clearly preserves the branch divergence history. Both methods are implemented via `git merge [branch-name]`, and Git automatically determines the merge type based on branch history. Fast-forward is ideal for simple scenarios, while regular merge is a practical solution for handling parallel development, ensuring clear branch divergence records.
Read MoreGit Clone Operation: Copying a Project from a Remote Repository to the Local Machine
This article introduces the Git clone operation, which is used to completely copy a remote repository project to the local machine. The core steps are as follows: **Prereparations**: First, install Git, configure your identity (`git config --global user.name/email`), and obtain the remote repository address (in HTTPS or SSH format). **Performing the Clone**: Use the command `git clone [remote URL] [local folder name]`. By default, a folder with the same name as the repository is created, and you can also customize the local name (e.g., `git clone [URL] my-project`). **After Clone**: The local machine will contain all project files and branch structures. The remote repository is by default marked as "origin", which can be verified using `git remote -v`. **Common Issues**: For permission/address errors, check the address or permissions. If the speed is slow, SSH is recommended. To clone only a specific branch, use the `-b` parameter (e.g., `-b dev`). To avoid entering passwords: use `credential.helper` for HTTPS, or configure SSH keys. Cloning is the first step in Git usage. Once mastered, you can develop locally and push/pull updates.
Read MoreGit Distributed Version Control System: Why is Git More Recommended for Team Collaboration?
In team collaboration, version control is key to resolving code chaos, conflicts, and other issues. As a distributed version control system, Git is more suitable for team collaboration than centralized systems like SVN. Its core advantages include: 1. **Distributed Architecture**: Each team member has a complete local repository, eliminating reliance on a central server. This enables offline work, ensuring flexible development even when the server fails and maintaining collaboration continuity. 2. **Branch Management**: Through branching, teams can develop different features (e.g., login page, homepage) in parallel. Modifications in independent branches do not interfere with each other, and merged into the main branch upon completion, preventing code overwrites. 3. **Commit Records**: Each commit automatically records the author, timestamp, and description, facilitating content tracking and improving efficiency in collaboration communication and problem troubleshooting. 4. **Conflict Resolution**: When multiple users modify the same file, Git automatically detects conflicts and indicates their locations, allowing users to manually select and retain content for intuitive and efficient resolution. 5. **Community and Tool Support**: As a mainstream tool, platforms like GitHub and GitLab offer rich features (code review, automated deployment), with abundant learning resources and easy access to solutions for issues. With its distributed architecture, branch management, and clear record-keeping, Git makes team collaboration safer, more efficient, and controllable, serving as a...
Read MoreGit Commit Specification: Format and Examples of Angular-Style Commit Messages
Standardizing Git commit messages is crucial for collaborative projects, enhancing team efficiency and issue traceability. The Angular style is a widely adopted specification, divided into three parts: **Header (Mandatory):** Follows the format `type(scope?): subject`. The `type` includes 8 categories such as `feat` (new feature) and `fix` (bug fix); `scope` is optional (e.g., `login` module); `subject` uses the imperative mood (e.g., `Add`), has a maximum length of 50 characters, and ends without a period. **Body (Optional):** Provides supplementary details about the changes, explaining "why" and "how" the changes were implemented. Separated from the Header by a blank line, with concise multi-line descriptions. **Footer (Optional):** Marks breaking changes (`BREAKING CHANGE:`) or closes issues (`Closes #123`). Separated from the Body by a blank line. Recommended tools include Commitizen (interactive generation) and commitlint (validation). Key considerations: standardized `type`, concise `subject`, and clear `Footer` for breaking changes. Standardized commit messages simplify collaboration and version management.
Read MoreSwitching Branches in Git Without Losing Code: Using Stash to Temporarily Store Uncommitted Changes
### Guide to Using Git Stash for Temporarily Stashing Changes When developing with Git, uncommitted modifications will be overwritten if you switch branches. Git Stash is a temporary storage tool that can save uncommitted changes in both the working directory and staging area, restoring a clean working directory for safe branch switching. **Core Operations**: 1. **Stash Changes**: Run `git stash` to temporarily save all uncommitted changes and clear the working directory (outputs a WIP record like "Saved working directory..."). 2. **Switch Branches**: Use `git checkout <target-branch>` to safely switch branches and focus on tasks. 3. **Restore Changes**: After completing work, switch back to the original branch and use `git stash pop` to restore stashed changes (removes the record); use `git stash apply` if you need to keep the record. **Additional Commands**: - `git stash list` to view all stashed records; - `git stash drop stash@{n}` to delete a specific record (where `n` is the index). **Conflict Handling**: If conflicts occur during restoration, manually resolve conflicted files (marked with `<<<<<<< HEAD` at the start), then execute `git add <conflict-file>` (Note: The original text may have been truncated here; the command should be completed as `git add <conflict-file>` followed by commit/resolution steps).
Read MoreGit Repository Backup: How to Securely Backup Your Project Code to a Remote Repository
Backing up a Git repository is to prevent code loss caused by hard drive failure, system crash, or accidental deletion. It is necessary to distinguish between local repositories (stored locally and managed by .git) and remote repositories (such as platforms like GitHub, which support collaboration). The backup steps are as follows: first, create a repository on a remote platform (e.g., GitHub) and copy its address; then, execute `git init` to initialize the local project root directory, use `git remote add origin [address]` to associate with the remote repository, and finally push the code with `git push -u origin main`. In daily operations, regular commits and pushes are required. Before collaboration, always pull (`git pull`) first to avoid conflicts. If the local repository is damaged, use `git clone` to restore from the remote repository. It is important to pay attention to branch name correspondence, correct addresses, permissions, and regular checks. The core is to synchronize the local and remote repositories. By developing good habits, secure backups can be achieved.
Read MoreSolving Common Git Error: "Your local changes would be overwritten by merge" – How to Fix It?
When encountering the "Your local changes would be overwritten by merge" error during `git merge`, it is because there are uncommitted modifications in your local branch. Git prevents the merge to avoid data loss. Solutions (in recommended order): 1. **Stash Changes (Recommended)**: Use `git stash` to save uncommitted modifications. After merging, use `git stash pop` to restore them (or `git stash apply` to retain the stash). 2. **Commit Changes First (Safe)**: Stage changes with `git add .`, commit them with `git commit`, then merge (suitable for scenarios where modifications are valuable). 3. **Discard Changes (Caution)**: Reset the working directory with `git reset --hard HEAD` (permanently loses uncommitted changes; confirm they are unnecessary first). If conflicts occur after merging, manually edit conflicted files (marked with `<<<<<<<` etc.), resolve them, then run `git add` and commit. ⚠️ Note: Prioritize stashing or committing. Always back up changes before discarding them. Confirm the necessity of changes before operation to avoid data loss.
Read MoreGit stash Stashing Function: Temporarily Save Uncommitted Code
Git stash is used to temporarily stash uncommitted changes in the working directory and staging area, avoiding conflicts when switching branches or pulling code. It saves the modifications and restores the working directory to the state of the most recent commit, without retaining branch information. Core commands: `git stash` to stash changes, `git stash apply` to restore the most recent stash (without deletion), `git stash pop` to restore and delete (recommended), and `git stash list` to view stashes. A practical scenario is urgent bug fixing: stash changes → switch branches to fix → restore stash. Note: Stash is temporary, and conflicts may occur during restoration. The difference between `pop` and `apply` is whether the stash record is deleted. Stash is not a branch. Master the core commands, clean up stashes after use, and keep the working directory tidy.
Read MoreGit Branching Strategy: A Detailed Explanation and Application Scenarios of the Git Flow Workflow
Git Flow is a branching strategy designed to address code management issues in collaborative environments, ensuring conflict avoidance and stable online versions by clarifying branch responsibilities. Core branches include: master (stable online code), develop (daily development integration), feature/* (new feature development), release/* (version release preparation), and hotfix/* (urgent online fixes). The workflow consists of three main types: 1. **Daily Development**: Feature branches are created from develop, merged back into develop upon completion. 2. **Version Release**: Release branches are created from develop, with bug fixes merged into both master and develop after stabilization. 3. **Emergency Fixes**: Hotfix branches are created from master, with fixes merged into both master and develop. Advantages include clear structure and version control, making it suitable for medium to large projects. Disadvantages involve a slightly complex process, which can be simplified for small projects. The core principle is "isolate changes, merge in order," and beginners are advised to start with a simplified version.
Read MoreGit and GitHub: How to Create a Repository on GitHub and Associate a Local Project
Git is a version control system that records file modifications and supports multi-person collaboration. GitHub is a web-based repository platform built on Git, used for code storage and collaboration. **Preparation**: Install Git (download from the official Windows website, use Homebrew or the official website for Mac, verify with `git --version`); register a GitHub account. **Create a Repository**: Log in to GitHub, click "+" → "New repository", fill in the name and description, select Public, check "Add README", and after creation, copy the repository URL (e.g., `https://github.com/username/project.git`). **Local Association**: Navigate to the local project folder, execute `git init` to initialize the repository; `git remote add origin [repository URL]` to associate with the remote. If there is a README, first `git pull origin main` to pull (to avoid conflicts); `git add .` to stage, `git commit -m "notes"` to commit, and `git push origin main` to push to the remote. **Core Commands**: `git init` (initialize), `git add .` (stage), `git commit -m "..."` (commit), `git push origin main` (push). **Common Issues**: Conflicts can be resolved by pulling; if the remote association is incorrect, first use
Read MoreGit Tag Usage Guide: Best Practices for Marking Important Versions
Git tags are permanent markers for specific commits in a Git repository, used for version management, quick rollbacks, and team collaboration. They differ from dynamic branches (which move with development, while tags are static points). Tags are categorized into two types: lightweight tags (simple, no extra information, suitable for temporary marking) and annotated tags (formal, containing creator details, comments, etc., for official releases). The creation commands are `git tag v1.1` and `git tag -a v1.0 -m "Comment"`, respectively. To view tags, use `git tag` (list tags), `git tag -n` (list tags with comments), and `git show v1.0` (view details). For management, local deletion is done with `git tag -d v1.0`, remote deletion with `git push origin --delete v1.0`, and pushing with `git push origin v1.0` or `--tags` to push all tags. Best practices include following Semantic Versioning (MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH), prefixing with `v`, tagging only stable versions, ensuring tags are immutable, and synchronizing with the team. Proper use of tags ensures clear and controllable versions, facilitating collaboration and maintenance.
Read MoreGit for Beginners: Complete Process from Repository Creation to Project Deployment
This article systematically introduces the basic usage of Git, covering core concepts and operation processes. Git is a version control system that can record file modifications, prevent conflicts in collaboration, and manage branches, such as for paper backtracking or team parallel development. Installation methods include Windows (official website), Mac (Homebrew), and Linux (apt/yum). To configure identity, use `git config --global` to set the name and email. A local repository is created with `git init`, followed by staging with `git add` and committing with `git commit`. `git status` and `git log` can be used to check the status and history. For branch management, use `branch` to create, `checkout` to switch, and `merge` to combine branches, with conflicts resolved manually when necessary. Remote repositories (e.g., GitHub/Gitee) are associated using `remote add`, and synchronization is achieved with `push` and `pull`. During deployment, the code is pulled, built (e.g., `npm run build`), and then deployed using Nginx or Node.js. Commands like `init`, `add`, `commit`, `merge`, and `push` are essential to master. The core workflow is "local repository → branch → remote synchronization → deployment," and proficiency can be achieved through practice.
Read MoreGit Pull and Push: How to Keep Code Synchronized with Remote Repository
Git Pull and Push are core operations for synchronizing code between the local and remote repositories. Pull is used to fetch remote updates, while Push is used to share local modifications. Pull: The command is `git pull [remote repository name] [branch name]` (default remote is origin and branch is main), e.g., `git pull origin main`. Before execution, confirm the correct branch. If there are no updates, it will prompt "Already up to date". If there are updates, the local code will be automatically merged. Push: After completing local modifications, first stage the changes with `git add .` and commit with `git commit -m "description"`, then push using `git push [remote repository name] [branch name]`. For the first push, add the `-u` option to associate the branch (e.g., `git push -u origin main`); subsequent pushes can use `git push` directly. Key Tips: Pull before pushing to avoid conflicts. When conflicts occur, manually modify the conflicting files, then stage with `git add .` and commit before pushing again. Use `git status` to check the status before pushing. Pull updates the local repository, and Push shares your changes. Developing the habit of Pulling before Pushing can reduce conflicts and improve collaboration efficiency.
Read MoreGit Version Control Basics: What is a Version Control System?
Version control solves the problem of "breaking changes and being unable to revert" and multi - person collaboration. A Version Control System (VCS) is an "intelligent filing cabinet" that can record modifications, support rollbacks, and enable collaboration. VCS is divided into three categories: local (only for a single device), centralized (relying on a central server, such as SVN), and distributed (with a complete local copy, such as Git, which can be used offline and has flexible branches). Git is a mainstream distributed VCS developed by Linus Torvalds. Its core advantages include: fast speed, strong branch management (supporting parallel development), and tracking file differences (saving space). Its core concepts include: repository (local/remote), commit (snapshot recording modifications), and branch (parallel development path). Git can handle scenarios such as multi - person collaboration, historical rollbacks, and parallel development. It is an essential skill for programmers, making development more organized and efficient.
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